不同头水灌溉时间对宁夏灌区春小麦生长发育及产量的影响

以永春4号为试验材料,在分蘖到拔节期,设置常规渠水灌溉为CK(4月29日)、T1(4月28日头水灌溉)、T2(4月24日头水灌溉)、T3(4月19日头水灌溉)和T4(5月10日头水灌溉)共5个处理,研究了不同头水灌溉时间对宁夏灌区春小麦生长发育及产量的影响.结果表明:T1、T2、T3处理均能显著增加小麦穗长、穗重、茎秆重、小穗数、穗粒数及穗粒重,并显著降低了不孕小穗数、不孕小穗率、穗秆比,产量分别比CK显著增加0.23％、11.46％、18.75％.而T4处理则不利于小麦生产发育,减产21.98％.由此可知,以T3的处理效果最为理想,在显著增产的同时,能显著增加小麦株高、密度、干物质积累及灌浆速率.这表明提前灌头水均有利于宁夏灌区春小麦生长及产量的提高,且以提前10 d灌头水的效果最理想.     

Potato absorption and phytoavailability of Cd,Ni, Cu,Zn and Pb in sierozem soils amended with municipal sludge compost

Effects of sludge utilization on the mobility and phytoavailability of heavy metals in soil-plant systems have attracted broad attention in recent years. In this study, we analyzed the effects of municipal sludge compost(MSC) on the solubility and plant uptake of Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb in a soil-potato system to explore the mobility, potato plant uptake and enrichment of these five heavy metals in sierozem soils amended with MSC through a potato cultivation trial in Lanzhou University of China in 2014. Ridge regression analysis was conducted to investigate the phytoavailability of heavy metals in amended soils. Furthermore, CaCl_2, CH_3 COONH_4, CH_3COOH, diethylene triamine pentacetic acid(DTPA) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA) were used to extract the labile fraction of heavy metals from the amended soils. The results show that the MSC could not only improve the fertility but also increase the dissolved organic carbon(DOC) content of sierozem soils. The total concentrations and labile fraction proportions of heavy metals increase with increasing MSC percentage in sierozem soils. In amended soils, Cd has the highest solubility and mobility while Ni has the lowest solubility and mobility among the five heavy metals. The MSC increases the concentrations of heavy metals in the root, stem, peel and tuber of the potato plant, with the concentrations being much higher in the stem and root than in the peel and tuber. Among the five heavy metals, the bioconcentration factor value of Cd is the highest, while that of Ni is the lowest. The complexing agent(DTPA and EDTA) extractable fractions of heavy metals are the highest in terms of phytoavailability. Soil properties(including organic matter, p H and DOC) have important impacts on the phytoavailability of heavy metals. Our results suggest that in soil-potato systems, although the MSC may improve soil fertility, it can also increase the risk of soils exposed to heavy metals.     

早春低温之前喷施外源调控物质对冬小麦的干物质转运、产量和品质的影响

为明确外源调控物质对冬小麦早春低温抵御能力的调控效应，以济麦22为试验材料，在拔节期倒春寒来临前以喷施清水为对照（CK），设喷施氨基酸水溶肥（200倍液，T1）、蔗糖（500倍液，T2）、0.004%芸苔素内酯（800倍液，T3）及其等倍混合液（200倍液氨基酸水溶肥+500倍液蔗糖+800倍液芸苔素内酯，T4）4个调控处理，分析了拔节期发生倒春寒条件下不同调控处理间冬小麦干物质积累、转运、分配、产量及其构成和籽粒品质的差异。结果表明，T4处理下冬小麦开花期、成熟期干物质积累量较CK显著增加，且成熟期籽粒、穗轴及颖壳、茎鞘及叶的干物质积累量均高于其他处理；T2、T3、T4处理使小麦结实率均显著提高；T4处理在不降低穗粒数和穗数的前提下，显著提高千粒重和籽粒产量；T1处理有利于提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量。由此得出，在冬小麦拔节期倒春寒来临前，喷施氨基酸水溶肥+蔗糖+0.004%芸苔素内酯混合液有助于提高小麦抵御低温逆境的能力，实现抗逆稳产。     

植物病原镰刀菌产生的毒素种类及其危害

镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)是多种重要农作物的病原体，不仅可造成农作物产量和品质的严重损失还可在离体培养条件下或植物寄主体内产生一系列被称为镰刀菌毒素的次生代谢产物。这些毒素一方面作为致病因子与镰刀菌对宿主植物的致病力密切相关，另一方面可导致家畜生产性能下降和相关病症的出现，进而影响农业生态系统并对人类健康造成威胁。鉴于镰刀菌毒素对农作物生产的影响及其对家畜和人类的毒性作用，目前已有较多关于镰刀菌侵染粮食作物后产生毒素种类的研究，但关于镰刀菌侵染豆科牧草后产生的毒素种类以及毒素在镰刀菌对豆科牧草致病力方面作用的研究则较少。本文对引起主要粮食和饲料作物病害的常见镰刀菌物种产生的主要毒素，以及这些毒素对植物、家畜和人类的危害进行了综述，并对豆科牧草中镰刀菌毒素的研究前景及意义进行了展望。     

7份红豆草对低温的生理响应及抗寒性评价

为了解不同红豆草材料在越冬期根系对低温胁迫的响应特征及其抗寒性强弱,以7份红豆草(5份来自俄罗斯、2份来自国内)为供试材料,对红豆草根系可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性等6项生理指标的动态变化进行了监测。结果表明,供试红豆草材料根系可溶性糖含量(WWS)、可溶性蛋白质含量(SP)和脯氨酸含量及CAT活性和POD活性均随着气温下降而增加,随气温升高而减少,MDA含量呈下降趋势。经抗寒隶属度分析,得出其抗寒性由大到小的顺序为ZXY2003p-132、ZXY2010p-7369、蒙农红豆草、甘肃红豆草、ZXY2003p-147、ZXY2005p-623、ZXY2007p-3423。从俄罗斯引进的红豆草材料ZXY2003p-132和ZXY2010p-7369比国内红豆草品种蒙农红豆草、甘肃红豆草抗寒性强。     

LED光源对番茄嫁接成活率及幼苗生理响应的影响

[目的]研究不同LED光源下番茄嫁接苗的成活率及幼苗生理指标的响应,筛选适合番茄嫁接愈合的LED光源,为番茄工厂化嫁接愈合室节能光源的选择提供参考.[方法]采用蓝光(B,450 nm)、红光(R1,630 nm;R2,660 nm)、红外光(I,735 nm)和白光(W1、W2,400~780 nm,光照强度分别为110和190 lx)LED,组成单波LED和复合LED光源,以白炽灯为对照,对樱桃番茄和普通番茄进行嫁接后补光处理,比较嫁接成活率和株高、茎粗的增长量;R2+I、W1和W2光源下测定嫁接苗体内的光合色素、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛(MDA)含量及细胞相对电导率等指标,研究番茄嫁接苗对LED光源的生理响应.[结果]4种单波LED补光下,B补光的樱桃番茄和普通番茄嫁接成活率分别为90.16%和85.31%,均显著高于R1、R2和I补光(P<0.05,下同).3种复合LED(R2+I、W1、W2)补光下,樱桃番茄的嫁接成活率为97.14%~99.18%,均显著高于对照光源白炽灯;普通番茄的嫁接成活率为91.00%~94.83%,均与白炽灯无显著差异(P>0.05,下同).复合光源W1和W2补光对两种番茄嫁接苗的株高和接穗茎粗增长无显著影响,这两种白光下普通番茄嫁接苗叶绿素总量为0.0490~0.0497 mg/cm2,类胡萝卜素含量为0.0210~0.0214 mg/cm2,均显著高于白炽灯,说明对叶片合成叶绿素和类胡萝卜素具有促进作用.3种复合光源(R2+I、W1、W2)下两种番茄嫁接苗接穗和砧木的可溶性蛋白含量为1.32~3.10 mg/gFW,均显著低于白炽灯.W2补光条件下樱桃番茄嫁接苗接穗和砧木MDA含量为0.00073~0.00082μmol/gFW、普通番茄嫁接苗接穗MDA含量为0.00087μmol/gFW,W1补光条件下普通番茄嫁接苗砧木MDA含量为0.0128μmol/gFW,均与白炽灯无显著差异,表明樱桃番茄嫁接苗的接穗和砧木对W2,普通番茄嫁接苗的接穗对W2、砧木对W1的胁迫反应程度低.复合光源W1和W2补光条件下普通番茄接穗细胞相对电导率为10.39%~10.60%,均与白炽灯无显著差异,说明W1、W2补光对普通番茄接穗的细胞膜选择透性的影响与白炽灯无显著差异.[结论]筛选出波长范围为400~780 nm的复合LED光源(W1、W2)适合作为番茄工厂化嫁接愈合室的人工光源;W1比W2更节能,可优先选择W1作为番茄嫁接愈合室的节能光源.     

施钙对间作遮荫条件下花生生育后期光合特性、糖代谢及产量的影响

于2016-2017年以花育25号为材料,在花生单作和间作条件下,设置施钙和不施钙处理,研究钙肥对单作花生、间作中间行和间作边行花生的植株性状、功能叶生育后期光合特性、糖代谢酶活性及产量的影响。结果表明,施用钙肥降低了花生主茎高和侧枝长,增加了花生分枝数、主茎节数,提高了叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、蔗糖含量及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性;单作和间作花生荚果产量平均增产397.2 kg/hm^2,平均增产率19.9%。相同施钙水平下,越靠近玉米行的间作边行花生受遮荫影响越大,其主茎高、侧枝长较大,蔗糖合成酶(SS)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性等生理指标低于单作花生。与单作不施钙比较,施钙显著增加了间作花生叶绿素含量,使其光合特性、蔗糖含量、SS、SPS酶活性无显著降低,降低了间作花生的减产幅度。本试验条件下,每公顷施用钙肥300kg可部分缓解间作遮荫对花生的不利影响。     

水貂养殖轨道式双排自动饲喂车设计与试验

针对水貂饲喂环节劳动强度大、环境差,水貂饲喂机械化水平不高的问题,设计了一种水貂养殖轨道式双排自动饲喂车,该饲喂车主要包括控制系统、行走系统、输料饲喂系统、饲喂支撑架收展系统。详细分析了饲喂过程中控制系统的控制要求,研究了控制实现方法和动作过程,通过光电传感器与PLC准确控制所有电机的工作状态定位转换,实现饲喂电机工作参数的人机交互调整;设计了导向轮定轨结构,优化缩短了饲料输送管路;模仿人工饲喂时手与手臂的动作形式,设计了自动饲喂投食结构,并进行了机构运动学分析,确定了具体结构及运动参数;设计了饲喂车收展结构,并通过作业条件分析确定了结构参数。样机试验结果表明,自动饲喂车以0.6 m/s速度行进,以预设的200、400、600 g为投喂量,饲喂车实际投喂质量变化范围分别为165～210 g、355～427 g、567～622 g,饲料堆放质量变异系数分别为6.53%、3.78%、2.74%,漏喂率均为0%,满足实际饲喂要求。该自动饲喂车提高了饲喂效率,节约了劳动成本,增加了饲喂车载料量。     

Effects of autophagy inhibitor bafilomycin A1 on macrophages polarization

AIM:To investigate the effect of bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1) on polarization in mouse macrophages RAW264.7. METHODS:The macrophages RAW264.7 were treated with Baf A1, the concentration of M1/M2 polarization related cytokines were determined by ELISA. The markers of M1/M2 polarization in the macrophages were determined by flow cytometry. The formation of autophagicbody was observed by immunofluorescence. Western blot was used to detect the expression of autophagy related protein levels. RESULTS:The concentration of M1 related proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was increased significantly after Baf A1 intervention (P<0.01). However, the concentration of M2 related anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-13 showed no significant difference. The double positive rate of CD197 and HLA-DR (M1 marker) positive cells in Baf A1 treated group were significant higher than that in control group (P<0.05), indicated that Baf A1 induced polarization of macrophage to M1. The results of immunofluoresence showed that the autophagosomes formation was notable increased in Baf A1 group (P<0.05), meanwhile Western blot results showed the expression of autophay related protein LC3-Ⅱ but not P62 was marked up-regulated (P<0.05). For autophagy activator rapamycin (Rapa) treated group, autophagosome formation was also significant increased (P<0.05), but the expression of P62 was notable down-regulated (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:Baf A1 induces polarization of mouse macrophage RAW264.7 to M1, which may be related to the inhibitory effect on the formation of autolysosome.     

小麦季施氮对麦套花生光合特性、氮素和干物质积累及周年氮素利用率的影响

在大田条件下,以小麦品种济麦22号和花生品种花育25号为材料,设置4种不同追施氮肥的方式,分别为:(A)拔节期施纯氮160kg/hm~2、(B)拔节期施纯氮80kg/hm~2+开花期施纯氮80kg/hm~2、(C)孕穗期施纯氮160kg/hm~2、(D)开花期施纯氮160kg/hm~2;施肥方法均为开沟追施。研究了小麦季4种不同追施氮肥方式对下茬花生各生育时期叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、成熟期各器官氮素和干物质积累与分配及周年氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明:C处理的氮肥运筹方式提高了叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率;荚果中氮素和干物质积累量及其分配比例均较高;小麦籽粒产量最高、花生荚果产量较高;氮素内部利用效率和氮肥偏生产力均最高。本试验条件下,综合考虑周年作物产量和氮素利用效率,前茬小麦基施纯氮105kg/hm~2、孕穗期追施纯氮160kg/hm~2和花针期追施25kg/hm~2(C处理)是小麦套种花生种植模式下最佳的氮肥运筹方式。